Reaktualisasi Zakat Produktif: Dari Filantropi Tradisional menuju Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Berkelanjutan

Abstract

Productive zakat repositions zakat as an instrument of economic empowerment rather than a short-term consumptive transfer. This article develops a conceptual and juridical model to explain how zakat funds can strengthen mustahik business capacity while remaining aligned with the fikih principle of tamlik. The study uses a qualitative-normative design based on document review, academic literature, and comparative analysis of prior findings. The review shows that productive zakat can increase income, sustain microenterprises, and strengthen mustahik economic independence. Its effectiveness depends on business literacy, amil assistance, market access, and clarity of asset ownership. The article proposes a Multi-stage Graduated Ownership Model consisting of usufruct possession, conditional partnership, and full tamlik as a middle path between sharia compliance and modern governance needs. The model shifts productive zakat from aid distribution toward a more sustainable and measurable empowerment design.