Tata Kelola Adopsi Kecerdasan Buatan dalam Pertanian Petani Kecil: Kerangka Multi-Level untuk Transformasi Agribisnis Inklusif di Negara Berkembang

Abstract

The adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in smallholder agriculture across developing economies faces complex structural barriers, including unequal access to technology, weak data governance, and the absence of inclusive regulatory frameworks. This article aims to analyze the factors shaping AI adoption among smallholder farmers and to formulate a multi-level governance framework that supports inclusive agribusiness transformation. The study employs a qualitative approach through a systematic literature review of reputable academic publications in the fields of digital agriculture, technology governance, and agribusiness policy. The findings indicate that AI adoption by smallholder farmers is shaped by three primary dimensions: digital infrastructure readiness, local institutional capacity, and equitable data governance mechanisms. This article argues that a multi-level governance framework, integrating national regulation, meso-institutional coordination, and farmer participation at the micro level, constitutes a prerequisite for inclusive and sustainable agribusiness transformation. The principal contribution of this article lies in the construction of an analytical framework that bridges the gap between technocratic and rights-based approaches in the AI governance literature for agriculture.